- Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi
- Vol: 4 Issue: 2
- ULAŞ DEVLET ÜRETME ÇİFTLİĞi ARAZİSİNİN RÜZGAR EROZYONU YÖNÜNDEN PLANLANMASI
ULAŞ DEVLET ÜRETME ÇİFTLİĞi ARAZİSİNİN RÜZGAR EROZYONU YÖNÜNDEN PLANLANMASI
Authors : Hayati Çelebi
Pages : 0-0
View : 7 | Download : 2
Publication Date : 2010-12-12
Article Type : Research
Abstract :Orta Anadolu bölgesinde yer alan araştırma konusu Ulaş D. O. Çiftliği arazisi, bazı senelerin kritik periyot/arında-rüzgar erozyonundan geniş çapta zarar görmektedir. Bunun başlıca sebebi, çiftlikte, arazi ve toprak özellikleri dikkate alınmadan yapılan ziraat şekline at/edilebilir. Çiftliğin şimdiki durumda rüzgar erozyonu yönünden planlanması da yapılmamı,ştır. Tehlikenin belirmesi üzerine son zamanlarda bazı parsellere toprağı korumak için çok yıllık yem bitkileri ekilmiş, faka~ bazı parsellerde ise bunun aksine tamamen erozyonu hızlandırıcı tedbirler alınmı,ştır. Örneğin, çiftliğin güney-batısında uzanan parsellerde şeritler hakim rüzgar yönüne dik yapılacak yerde, bilfıkis paralel olarak tanzim edilmiştir. Bu durum ise, o sahada rüzgar erozyonu olayının hızlanmasına resile olmuştur. Işte bu çalışmada -önemli olması dolayısiyle- söz konı{Su çiftlik arazisinin rüzgarerozyonu yönünden planlanması yapılmış ve böylece her parselde erozyonu kontrol altma almak için uygun bir rotasyon dahilinde ürün şeritleri tanzim edilerek planlama haritasında gösterilmiştir. Bu plan ve tavsiyelere önem verildiği ve uygulandığı takdirde, çiftlik arazisinde erozyon, dolayısiyle toprak kayıpları önlenecek ve dengeli bir şekilde ürün elde edilmiş olacaktır. The Planning of The Land of U/aş State Farm In Terms of Wind Erosion 1. This investigation has been done to find out the planning of the land of Ulaş State Farm in terms of wind erosion. This study has much importance from the conservatin point of Vİew in farın planning and soil management which will appJy on the farın in the futUle. 2. The farm area investigated, which is about 18,062 acres and 4,617 ft. high from the sea level, has been 92 situated on a large area that is about 20 miles far from the province of Si yas in the South. 3- The investigated area Iocated in the Central Anatolia has semihumid climate conditions. Some important climatic characteristics are as fol1ows: AnnuaI mean temperature ; 47.3°F Annual mean precipitation : 17.4 İn. Annual mean evaporation' : 42.8 İn. Number of annual mean drafts : 5.2 .Annual ~axjmum speed ofwind: 28.2 m./sn. ~n the investİgated area, the direction of the wind is southeasterly in April and May. 4. In the area İnvestigated,there are 'mainly three geologic formations in relatio!! to the second, third and fourth geologic ages. The formations of the second age coprise of light grey calcerous materials, such as marls and some green series. The formatİons of the third age consist of the fossiliferous layers which are formed from maJls;' conglomerates an sandstones. The formations of the fourth geologic age con- , sist of new alluvium (deposite materials as sand, gravel and clay) which forın~ a large level area in the East of Ulaş. 5. The soils of the area investigated are generally fine in texture. Accor~ ding to the dı y- size distribution with Rotary sieve developed by 'Ch~pil; the amound of aggregates less than 840 microns, the aggregates greater than 840 microns, the aggregates less than 420 microns, the aggregates greater than 420 microns, the values of mechanical stability, the indexes of stability, the values of eqivalent diaTIleter and soil, losses by wind have been determined. 4.7-38.5 %61.5-95. 3 %, 1.9-26. 2 %, 73.8 - 98.1 %, 82.43 - 99.02 %, 1.053 . 1.377, 0.34 - 0.46 mm., 0.241 - 5.684 pound/acre, respectively.· The amount of water stable aggregates smailer than 20 microns is 24.77 to 87. 65 % and particles that are smaller than 20 microns and dispersable in water are 4.44 to 26. 22 % . On the other hand, these soils contain 2.1 i to 34.15 % 1ime and 1.65 to 3.15 %organic matter. 6. According to the records kept in' 1965, the aJeas allocated for fields, range and hilly lands, grass1and, poplar grove and' horticultural land were 64.7, 29.2, 2.0, 1.2 and 0.2 %, respectively. Much of the fields (61.4 %) were under irrigation. 7. Activities ofthe farnı are groupped into (i) cultivation, (2) animal husbandry (3) horticu1ture, (4) machinery and (5) agricu1tural technology. Land allocated for Wehat (Tritium Spp) Cultivation BaT ley (Hordeum Spp.) " Oat (Avena Spp.) " Com (Zea Mays Spp.) Medicago Spp.) Sainfoin (Onobrychi~ Spp.) " Cıested wheatgrass (Agropyron) Cristatum) Cultivation Tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elangatum) " Crested winıeatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) " Burnet (Sanguisorba Spp.) " Artificial rangv Natural grass .Poplar gıove (populus Spp.) Natural range and hillyland Fallow Lake Roads and brooks . 8. According to the early records. of the farnı, it has come to the daylight that an important portion of the area is affected by the serious wind erosion. 9. Only the removal phase' of the wind erosion was confirmed in the investigated area. Slight and medium e': rosion sights covers 56.8 and 43.2 % of the total area, respectively. 10. In terıns of water erosion, the sites are exposed to slight, medium and severe phases of the erosion consist of 26.2, 39.7 and 34.1 percent of the whole area, respectively. " Besides, it has been observed that the Karaça.yır brook passing through the farınland couses side coerosions. By this process, fertilite field soils, starting from subsoil horizons, are removed. 1I. As it will also be seen from the map, the land- use programıne applied towards the and of this work was: Percentage Of thıe total aıea oceupied, % 18.7 0.7 1.4 0.3 1.2 10.8 6. i 0.8 0.8 0.4 2.7 1.9 0.7 29.3 20.8 93 12. Natural erodibilit)' values (FX) utilized for determining the strip widhts in the areas subjected to the wind er0sion, as calculated by an empirical formula, vary greatly betweeo 2436.05 9456.18 lb.facre. Necessary data for the above-mentioned empirical formula are the "F" values which vary depending upon the soil texture, equivalent values of the field ridge roughness and the amount of stubble mulch on the field surface. For this particular area equivalent values of the field ridge roughness and the amount of stubble mulch on the field surface were found to be 3.93 - 5.15 in. and 446.00-553.04 lb./acre, respectively. 13. Based on the calculated 'OFX" values (the natural erodibility values) for the area, the strip-widths were found to vary between 336.8 - 778.3 feet. Since, it would have been unpractical in field conditions to apply various strip widths, the mean stripwidth (523,3 ft) has been accepted suitable for the whole area. Taking alsa the width of the sowing machine into consideration, the strips have been arranged perpendicularly to the directian of the prevailing wind, as shown on the planning map, on of the following rotation system have been recommended for the strips. Recommended, Rotation Systems; Onabriches -wheat - fallow Mixed forage plant - wheat - fallow Onabriches - barley - fallaw. In addition to these rotation systemıl, suitability in same, areas of growing alfalfa, com, froit trees and poplar is alsa suggested. For anabriches and mixed forage crops in the rotation sytems, is to be cut each year with in 94 the fo ur-year period, they will fonn a permanent cover on the soil surface and as a result; removal by the wind of soil partides is to be prevented. Mter four years in the follow system wheat or barleyand them faiI6w will replace the strips of anabriches and mixed forage crops. In the planning map the strips are marked with various codes and drawings. 14. Either the results of this work or the ones carried out before have shown that the farm soils are quite resistant to the blowing eITect of the wind. However, a considerable part of the fann soils are badly affected by the wind erosion, due to the application of unsuitable or wrong cultural practices followed. it is even more ,alarming that in the places where excessive erosian damages can dearly be seen, strip cropping systems have been prac-. ticed. The above-mentioned cultural practices which based on no scientific knowledge and planning have. Reridered erosion rather than slowing down or preventing it. One of the many examples of the wrong cultural practices applied is that of arranging the strips parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind. On the other hand, areas to the SouthEast of the farm was planted uniformly with mixed forage' crops, in order to prevent erosion, have given satisfactory results. it is the author's opinion that even in these areaf; a suitable ro· tatian system containing the same crops will be more profitable. 15. it is beleived that the wind strips will alsa prevent the water erosion to a certain degree in the highly inclineted fields that water erosian appears to be a serious problem. In these fjelds possible runoff from h.ighlands must be diverted by adiversion terrace befüre runoff enterS the field To pr~\lent the corrosion caused by the Karaçayır Brook, a newand suitable brook bed must be chosen, slopes of the banks, must be given a mild inclination (I :2) and the slopes be planted with poplar and willow trees; furthermore, if necessary concrete supporting walles must be buiIt in some p1aces. 16. Areas allocated for pasture and grassland which comprises a considerable portion of the farm land show a hilly appearence in general. The gulies must be amended. Improvement of the pasture and controlled pasture grazing must be established. Steep slopes must be terraced in order to return the natural balance of the land. This can only be established by a suitab1e pasture amelioration. 17. Briefly, it can be conc1uded that if the soil conservation plan outlined here, is practiced, the soils of the Ulaş State farm can be used without being subjected to the erosion and as a result fertility of the soils will be increased or at least be maintained.Keywords :