- Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi
- Vol: 3 Issue: 3
- YUKARI PASİNLER OVASI TOPRAK ve SU KOOPERATİF SAHASINDAKİ TOPRAKLARIN SULAMA YÖNÜNDEN PROBLEMLERİ ÇÖ...
YUKARI PASİNLER OVASI TOPRAK ve SU KOOPERATİF SAHASINDAKİ TOPRAKLARIN SULAMA YÖNÜNDEN PROBLEMLERİ ÇÖZÜM YOLLARI İLE BAZI FİZİKSEL VE KİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors : Feridun Hakgören
Pages : 0-0
View : 10 | Download : 2
Publication Date : 2010-12-11
Article Type : Research
Abstract :ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Yukarı Pasinler Ovası Toprak ve Su Kooperatif sahasında bugünkü sulama durumu, mevcut toprak ve su kaynaklarının rasyonel bir biçimde kullanılması ve muhafazasına ilişkin arazi developman hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesi ve sulama yönünden karşılaşılan problemlerin ortaya çıkarılması ile bunların çözüm.! yolları incelenmiştir. Araştırma bölgesi' hakkındaki genel bilgilerin, araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçların ve ilgili literatürün ışığı aİtında bölgede, sulama yönünden toprak-su ilişkileri, toprakların fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleriyle bunların su tutma kapasiteleri ve uygulanan bitki paterni dikkate alınarak sahanın sulama suyu ihtiyacı tesbit edilmiş, mevcut durumun geliştirilmesiyle ilgili hususlar açıklanarak tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur. A RESEARCH ON IRRIGATION PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS AT THE SOIL-WATER COOPERATIVE AREA OF UPPER PASİNLER VALLEY Pasinler Soil-Water Cooperative area which is the research subject is in Upper Pasinler Valley of Eastem Turkey. Cooperative area is consist of class I, II, III, IV, V and VI. lands and about 126830 dekars of cooperative land is irıigable. Subject area so.ils are made of alluvial and collivial soils. Theyare in zonal and azonal soil orders according to the soil genesis. Average annual precipitation of Upper Pasinler Vaııey is 430,1 mm and mean yearly temperattlre is 5,9"C. Evaporation is maximum during August which has the highest mean monthly temperature (34°C) of the year. Dry season is between June 25 and September 10; then inigation is necessary during this period. Irrigation water is supplied by ground and surface water resources. The construction of ground water using irrigation system which is planned to irrigate approximately 88 999 dekars land is started in 1967, 56 million TL is invested for this job. This research is eonduetep, for the purpose of surveying present irrigation . condition in the area Upper Pasinler Valley Soi!-Water Cooperative, improving the land developmend serviees which involve rational use of the soilwater resources, and fincling out the eneountered . irrigation problems. Result of field studies laboratory work on soil samples and necessary advices can be stated as below: i. Irrigation water of this research area is not sufficient for needs; therefore irrigation water should be used very economieally. Farrners are not familiar with modern irrigation practice.; hence water applieation efficiencies are very low. Theyare found between 29 % and 46 % by experiments.. Water application efficieneies 'are very low beeause farmers of this area do nat use the most suitable methods whieh fit the topographie and soil conditoions, applying more water then need, and using a wrong time-table. 2. Reseoreh subject area soils can be classified as medium eoarse, medium fine and fine according to their textuee.· Therefore texture of this soils are not limiting factor for soil-water-plant relationshipş. 3. Speeifie gravıtıes of soils of profile layers differs from 2,11 to 3;11 as result of their textu·re. Bulk densities are between 0,93grfcm 3 and 1,86 grfcm 3. 4. Porosity values w1).ieh are calculated from the relationships between specific gravity and bulk density are between 29,54 % and 65,68 %' Porosity value are usually higher for upper layers than for lower layers as a ıeusult of texture, organic matter and compaction of soils. 5. Pores are classified as eoarse, medium and fine. Distribution of pores is such coarse pores 0,81 %- 33,33 % medium pores 3,08 %- 33;04 % and fine pores 7,43 %- 36,71 % of total pore space. The amount of wateı wh.ich will be applied should be determined, very carefully for every soil because of big differences of pore size distribution of soils and low air cap~cities. 6. Organic' matters of soil in the res?arch area is between 0,03 % and 3,25 /~. Amound of organic matter is usualIy Law for tnese soils as result of praeticed agrieu1ture and laek of the use of commereial fertilizers and manure. 7. The amound of earbonate in research area soils changes between 0,00 % and 38,24 %', 8. Soil permeabiliteas are between 1,1 cm/hour and 42,8 cm/hour. This soils will not create d drainage problem because of having a good conduetivity. 9. Infiltration rates are between 0,6 cm/hour and 18,0 cm/hour. 40-100 minutes ipass until infiltratian rates to mtes to reach the above values. "a" and "n" values for the equation (y=a.t") whieh is ıısed to find the depth of the soil that water penatrates are very differenL The value of "a" is betw~en 0,2078 and 1,9470, and the value of "n" is between 0,3721 and ,0,8632. 10. The moistı:ıre that is hold at different sunetionf in profile layers have differences as a resuU of texture and organie matter. There is a positive correlation between available soil molsture and c1ay+silt, and c1ay+organic matter. ll . .The ground and surface vater whieh is used for irrigation in the research area is in the class. of CıSı and CıSı and Only samJlle No. 7 water is in the class of C 3S 1. As resuU of boron analysis; high concentration of boron is found in some samples such 1,22 ppm in No. 4, 1,81 ppm. No. 2 and 2,50 in No. 7. Plants resistant to boron should be raised if this high boron concentrated water is used for inigation. 12. Maximum water application rates are calculated as a function of field capacity and wilting poi~t for 60 cm depth of soils and estimated values differ between 3,2 cm and 16,2 cm. 13. Maximum water application rates which are computed for 60 cm. depth of soils require a time between 4 min. and II hrs. 48 min. to infiltrate into the soiI. 14. The time required for the water to reach to the end of the furrows in' the research area changes from i min. to 177 mın. i 5. When the irrigation is practiced · all over the research are, it is determined that following percentages of the irrigable land wiıı be ıused to raise diffirent crops: 37 % for field crops, 25,8 % for sugar beet, 12,5 % for alfalfa, 8,1 % for potato, 3,8% for melons and contalaupes, 4,8 % for com and 3,8 % for pasture. Net annual water requirments of the crops are computed by using BlaneyCriddle Method and it is found 173,5 mm. foı field crops, 220,0 mm for melons and contalaupes, 237,6 mm. for vegetable, 298,5 mm for com, 362,6 mm for pastme grass, 412,2 mm for sugar beet, 433,2 fOf alfalfa and 462,4 mm for potato. Considerung the crops pattern of the vaııey, net water requirement is from proshould be 1and devei 345,0 mm. Ifwater applieation efgieieney is assumed about 40 %, annual water requirement .,of the valey is determined. as 862,5 mm if we consider the water lass from irrigation ehannels; wa,ter requirment of the val1ey will be 880,0 mm for Iined ehannel and 1044,1 mm for eartb ditehes. 16. Water resources of the valley is not suffieient; therefore new' water resources should be seeked and an effective irrigation appIication which \\1ill have at least 60 % water application effieeney should be practiced to have the maximum from tbe present water sources. 17. Problems mising perty rights of the land correeted parallel to the lopment efforts. i 8. Needs of land leveling for the agrieu1tura1 land of this area as percentage of total are 35,22 %Iight, 4,53 % medium and 0,75 % heavy. 19. 10,86 %of the land has drainage problem. Construetion of drainage system is not planned for the present project. Henee 1evel of water table should be ehecked carefully during irrigation season. 20. Experiments are made to find out the seepage lasses from to irriga, tion ehannels and it is found 1.17 %3,64 % for conerete ehannels and for earth ditehes it has different values depending on the texture of soli which ditches are located in; these values are computed 6,51 % in c1ay, 11,18 % in day-Idam, 18,82 % in silty clay, 19,88 %in silty lo.am, 32,29 %loam grounds. 21. A suitable rotation should be praetieed to have the expected benefit when irrigation system is put in service. 22. The most beneficial1y use of the established irrigation system will be possible jf a management and maintanee organization with well trained employees is established. 23. Farmers of this region are stragIy atteehed to their traditions therefore they use a agrieu1tural system which is very simple and for from todays modern techniques. They have uncomplete or false knowledge about soil tiliage, maint~nge fertilization and using of better seeds. Henee farmers should be trained in the short courses by state agenties and university. An extra effort should be made for extension activities to reaeh every farmer ın the area. 24. The cOst irrigation is 68,00 TL. per dekar. 33 % of th'is amount is spent for eneıgy therefore electricity should be sold to farmeıs with special rates to lower the cost of irrigation.Keywords :